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 10 Takeoff Performance (Read 13352 times)
VulcanB2
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Takeoff Performance
Oct 7th, 2010 at 5:34pm
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Hi,

Can anyone comment on the TO performance of the 707?

Best regards,
Robin.
  

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CoolP
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #1 - Oct 7th, 2010 at 7:07pm
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To me it seems like the recommended EPR settings from the docs at Avsim (http://library.avsim.net/search.php?SearchTerm=Boeing+707+Operations+Manual&CatI...) can't be applied here, otherwise you'll never get very much above V2+15 even on light loads.
We have to ask for the source of the docs of course, but this looks trustworthy for me.

Going full throttle isn't the best idea too because she easily breaks the 250kts limit then, so you'll have to look for something in between.

As I assume from the startup process, where you start the fuel and see a "bam!" on the engine readings when they light up togehter with a very fast engine start procedure overall, these are again FSX SDK related engine models (like all Captain Sim releases so far) and therefor not the ones to be called extremely accurate.

I can live with that although I would appreciate a more realistic model.

On the 727, I had to edit e. g. the available thrust values as they were too low for the engines on the mid and later 727. Otherwise especially the 727-200 dies on high loads.
Might be that someone has to look for the 707 too.
  
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VulcanB2
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #2 - Oct 7th, 2010 at 8:11pm
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Hi,

Interesting comments.

I found that if I use 107% N1 for takeoff, that she seems to not use as much runway when fully loaded as I was expecting (I figure about 6000 ft).

Once airborne though I found that she climbs OK?

If memory serves (please correct me if I'm wrong!!), it is ~107% N1 for takeoff with an initial reduction to 101% at 500 ft and then climb out to acceleration altitude, where thrust is further reduced to 97% for climb.

FS EPR is broken. Using N1 figures above I get EPRs of 2.10 or higher.

Best regards,
Robin.
  

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CoolP
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #3 - Oct 7th, 2010 at 8:24pm
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I had EPR 1.82 in the tables and was hardly able to climb out.

So I double the "EPR is broken" statement, you can't work with that here.
The checklists e. g. mention the EPR bugs to be set but there aren't such things and I have to admit that it would be easier to leave them out (and the checklist item too then) instead of implementing and then feeling the need to revise the whole engine model which currently is done "straight FSX".

This FSX model gives you some "thrust machines" but it doesn't reflect the starting process and e. g. spin up times of the real thing.
Some might blame Captain Sim for going this way (as they do this on the other aircraft too) and I do too somehow, but this still is one good 707 representation and another nice solution would be, if they gave us tables for this special engine model together with the settings needed here.
I could live with that and it prevents all of us from going "full throttle" only like some sim beginner would do all the time.

So far, she seems to be able to go via the real world speed charts, that's a big pro.

But going with the real world thrust tables will disappoint everyone around and one should be aware of this.
  
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VulcanB2
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #4 - Oct 7th, 2010 at 8:42pm
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Do the charts you have quote N1 as well? Would be a good check to see what it is like if you fly the N1 instead.

You may be interested in this: http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/552.pdf

Airport was Sydney, +27 °C OAT, wind 050@10 kts, RW34 departure.

Calculated Accelerate/Stop distance is 7600 ft, actual 9400 ft.

Best regards,
Robin.
  

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CoolP
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #5 - Oct 7th, 2010 at 11:47pm
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Oh, reading about compressor stalls there too. Not uncommon, even today, but since FADEC much better to handle I think.

Let's take a look on those tables where I've got my EPR settings from .. Looking good, EPR and N1 values are stated.

I had 10 degrees Celsius at SL (I don't remember the pressure), gives me 1.82 and/or (the current engine model needs the "or") 105.7 N1, no rated thrust avail there.


As I said, I had the 1.82 there and couldn't climb on a light load. So I'll follow your advise to look for N1 only next time.

As everyone can see, the highest EPR possible on the 707 would be 2.04 while the CS gets close or above 2.2 which is 8% more than every available thrust rating on that plane.

So lets say Wikipedia is right with e. g. 19,000 lbf (84.4 kN), then we'll have 20.500 lbf (91,2 kN) on each engine meaning 27,2 kN plus overall.
But I don't think FSX corresponds to those numbers.
This is just a presentation of the somehow wrongness in the EPR readings and no scientific calculation.

Lets try the N1 values then.

  
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CoolP
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #6 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 4:15am
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I've just read the report you posted a bit. Interesting.

The transcript of the Cockpit Voice Recorder is interesting, the conclusions are too of course.

"Vee one!"

"(Sound of Power Levers hitting Stops)"
"(Sound of reverse thrust noise starts)"
"(Sound of full reverse thrust)"

Not as expected if you calculate V1 for good reason and state that you're already above it with calling out loud "Vee one!"

A doubt that the modern way of loosing an engine on the 4 engine driven planes will cause a Captain to stop the bird, even when still below V1 and even on the two engine machines I doubt that (being close to V1).

First rule is to "fly the airplane" and those modern rockets can take the loss of an engine but they still brake dramatically bad when at high loads and already having eaten some large amount of runway. So the danger of an overrun is very high while the lost engine usually can be equalized and does not lead to an unsafe flight and landing.

I've read reports that state that an engine wasn't lost, it just stalled and FADEC brought it back to live but was interfered by an unsure crew that interpreted the engine readings somehow wrong, concentrated on that lost engine instead of flying, shut the engine down although it would be functional again and then got into real problems because their aircraft already ran into some "extra power need situation".

I think they nowadays even train to be real calm if "engine fire" comes up as it could indicate a soon passing condition and thereafter everything returns to normal values or at least workable ones while the emergency shutdown would give you a definitely inop windmill at one wing.

The cost factor might be another reason for continuing takeoffs because the aborted TO causes huge wear on the undercarriage elements and especially the brakes. Again, when done at high gross weights.

You also need to cool those brakes down for a very long time if high gross weights had to be stopped to zero. I remember the Concorde (which had a very advanced braking installation, first carbon on commercial planes) had to pause for hours then, with the brake fans running!

But we have to be fair. It's so easy to be clever after watching some guys fail.
I've read some minutes, nobody annoys me, everything is calm, I'm sipping on my tea .. while they were discussing the FO's technique, suddenly heard "bang" (those stalls are loud) and then the warnings to come up.
So decision time was a very small value here and you have to train and train to fight the impulse of human beings to stop every machine when it has a malfunction. Seems to be our nature somehow.

Might be the reason for this loud "Vee one" is to counteract this tendency and to make clear to everybody, that "we will fly from now on, whatever happens".
As you see, strong impulse on stopping even for the professionals.
  
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MikaelJ
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #7 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 6:47am
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I'm using 2.10 EPR during takeoff roll, at 800ft AGL i start to lover the nose and at V2+20 i retract the flaps and reduce the thrust to "rated thrust" figure (apprx 1.80) from the avsim 707perf.zip. And at 10000ft i increase thrust to apprx 2.05.
I've recently flown a 737-200 simulator on an MCC course, and this was the procedures during takeoff and climb. The 737 and 707 got similair engines, dont they?

But it is impossible to burn the engines, i never even get close to red readings on the egt gauges.
Hopefully CS will look into this.

mikael
  
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TheFinn
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #8 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 7:27am
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Just a side note regarding EPR gauges in the 707:

I once saw a cockpit-video on youtube of a 707 taking off. They pushed the throttles forward, but all the EPR gauges showed different readings (one didnt move at all), while the other gauges (N1, N2, etc.) showed similar readings.

So I can imagine, that the EPR-gauges in the 707 weren't accurate at all. Apart from that, the EPR-gauges in the CS707 move the same way as in the video, first they wont wake up to move, and as you push further and further the needles suddenly almost "jump" to high values. I love this feature!

I normally take off with a EPR of 1.9 to 2.1. For me, this is a pretty good setting, as she rotates and climbs nicely. And the 707 was a ground gripper, it needed loooooong runways to take off. And thats why Boeing built the 727, so they could take-off and land a jet everywhere else where there wasnt enough runway for the clunky 707.
  

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CoolP
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #9 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 9:02am
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As I tried to state above, the engines are probably bound to the FSX engine model only.

Look at the startup of a jet engine in the real world and look on the Captain Sim planes, were you get a "bam" (with "bam" readings too) after seconds and the engine is stable thereafter. That's a simulated one, nothing more, nothing less.
I won't hype the other big names in the flight sim business as I like the CS planes very much, but there you can see how a jet engine starts up with all its readings on the instruments.
So whenever someone comes up with the big P or the L,D, we have to agree with them, that systemwise they might win here while the style and atmosphere goes to CS.

I personally like both approaches.

Concerning this and looking in the real world table (posted picture here), anything above EPR 2.04 would be "over" in a real type engine model of the "current" 707 and therefor would cause some checks at least.

I know you can advance (progressively) to around EPR 2.2, you can do this on the CS727 too and they both share the fate of having "just" FSX engines. So real world data doesn't apply here and I really, really doubt that this is going to change as it causes a huge amount of additional work with the small success of some users applauding while most others don't feel a difference or may complain.

I think the tip from Vulcan is the best one, just go via the N1 ratings, they seem to be a better indicator here.

Don't get me wrong, I can't find anything bad on your described procedures, I just wanted to say, that the readings here and the response of the engines are a very limited picture of the real engines.

Going somehow "rated" and setting up a climb thrust then sounds absolutely right to me. I never had a CS plane being able to follow the rw engine numbers.
On the other hand, the speeds looked ok to me and therefor I'm happy.

Might be that they introduce some additional docs and a kneeboard file too, because they've stated this in the "wishes section" of these forums.
Would be a nice one in my eyes and will do fine if we get some Captain Sim engine model tables then.

You may want to look and post in this thread then http://www.captainsim.org/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1286339174
  
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #10 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 2:59pm
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MikaelJ wrote on Oct 8th, 2010 at 6:47am:
I've recently flown a 737-200 simulator on an MCC course, and this was the procedures during takeoff and climb. The 737 and 707 got similair engines, dont they?


707 has turboJET engines, modern jets have hi bypass turboFAN engines.  Jump in anytime Lou!
  

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LOU
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #11 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 3:57pm
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The 707's had all kinds of engines. One of the early models was the 707-131. It was a "straight pipe" that had no fan. This was the early P&W turbojet, it also was water injected on takeoff. We nicked named it the "aqua-jet or water buffalo." Without the water this was a runway eater at high gross weight.

You would line up for takeoff and start the thrust levers up slowly. I don't remember the EPR setting, but once at this setting and stabilized the F/O would turn on the water pumps. Then takeoff thrust was applied. This was supposed to increase the mass coming out the back of the engine. All I remember is it made more noise, and when viewed from the outside it looked like you were spraying for skeeters. Big mass of black smoke coming out the back and off you went down the runway like a herd of turtles. Also, some engineer at Boeing thought it would be cute to have two pumps in the water tank. One in the front of the tank and the other in the rear. Don't get ahead of me... The forward pump fed engines 1 & 2 and the rear pump fed engines 3 & 4. You guessed it - at 15 to 17 degrees nose up the forward pump ran out of water first and the left side would loose thrust and yaw left. Now that's design! You had to use ALL the water up since the 5,500 gallon tank was in the wheel well and any water left in the tank would freeze. Most pilots hated the water and would sometimes dump it during taxi.

This -100 series Boeing was smaller than the -300 and we also had a -131B version which was the small plane with the high by-pass fans engines.

All I can say is WOW could that thing could go.  Cool

The -300 was the larger 707 with the straight pipe engines and it was a pig. All the other 707 were -300B's with various sub groups -300BA, -300BAH & -300C and these had fan engines. The different letters told you what kind of leading edge flaps the plane had as well as what strength landing gear the plane had.

The CS707 is a high by-pass fan. You can tell by looking at the front of the engine and see the larger front cowl. A large part of the thrust came from the by-pass fan air. An aside - look at the cowl on the fan part and you will see a series of doors around the outside of the fan cowl. At high thrust settings, these doors were spring loaded, and would open to allow extra air to enter the engine. If you look out the cabin window as you apply takeoff thrust you will see the doors open as the engine reaches high power.
  

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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #12 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 6:02pm
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LOU wrote on Oct 8th, 2010 at 3:57pm:
The 707's had all kinds of engines. One of the early models was the 707-131. It was a "straight pipe" that had no fan. This was the early P&W turbojet, it also was water injected on takeoff. We nicked named it the "aqua-jet or water buffalo." Without the water this was a runway eater at high gross weight.

You would line up for takeoff and start the thrust levers up slowly. I don't remember the EPR setting, but once at this setting and stabilized the F/O would turn on the water pumps. Then takeoff thrust was applied. This was supposed to increase the mass coming out the back of the engine. All I remember is it made more noise, and when viewed from the outside it looked like you were spraying for skeeters. Big mass of black smoke coming out the back and off you went down the runway like a herd of turtles. Also, some engineer at Boeing thought it would be cute to have two pumps in the water tank. One in the front of the tank and the other in the rear. Don't get ahead of me... The forward pump fed engines 1 & 2 and the rear pump fed engines 3 & 4. You guessed it - at 15 to 17 degrees nose up the forward pump ran out of water first and the left side would loose thrust and yaw left. Now that's design! You had to use ALL the water up since the 5,500 gallon tank was in the wheel well and any water left in the tank would freeze. Most pilots hated the water and would sometimes dump it during taxi.

This -100 series Boeing was smaller than the -300 and we also had a -131B version which was the small plane with the high by-pass fans engines.

All I can say is WOW could that thing could go.  Cool

The -300 was the larger 707 with the straight pipe engines and it was a pig. All the other 707 were -300B's with various sub groups -300BA, -300BAH & -300C and these had fan engines. The different letters told you what kind of leading edge flaps the plane had as well as what strength landing gear the plane had.

The CS707 is a high by-pass fan. You can tell by looking at the front of the engine and see the larger front cowl. A large part of the thrust came from the by-pass fan air. An aside - look at the cowl on the fan part and you will see a series of doors around the outside of the fan cowl. At high thrust settings, these doors were spring loaded, and would open to allow extra air to enter the engine. If you look out the cabin window as you apply takeoff thrust you will see the doors open as the engine reaches high power.


I assumed jet due to to the age and heavy smoke, I didnt know fan engines were available back then,  tks
  

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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #13 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 6:16pm
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As bloodclot was talking about the 737-200 with P&W JT8 engines and we're talking about the 707 which had those JT8 ones too (later and in another conversion), I found nothing wrong in his statement.

737-200 picture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaheen_Air_International_Boeing_737-200_.jpg
Looks familiar

But as I said, we have to face the fact that we cannot go "like in the rw" here concerning EPR values.

Lou, again, interesting reading.  Smiley
  
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LOU
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Re: Takeoff Performance
Reply #14 - Oct 8th, 2010 at 6:16pm
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The smoke was there because of how the fuel was burned. After the EPA made some clean air rules sometime in the 70's, Boeing came up with the smokeless burner can. Pilots had used the smoke to find the traffic. After the modification to the burner cans it was harder to see the traffic, plus I think there was just as much pollution as before, but you just could not see it!  Cheesy
  

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