Hello!

I have a question regarding TOD calculation. How would I know when to start my descent if the STAR consists of radials from VOR beacons that aren't located at the arrival airport?

The approach I have in mind is the STAR RWY 32 at ESTA:
http://www.lfv.se/AIP/AD/AD%202/ESTA/ES_AD_2_ESTA_4_5_en.pdf

Now, let's assume the local DME at the airport, how would one know the distance at which the descent would be initiated?

Also, how would one plan the TOD for a NDB approach to an airport without DME?

Johan